Adjectival Clauses
Relative clause ที่ทำหน้าที่เช่นเดียวกับ adjective ทุกประการ กล่าวคือทำหน้าที่แต่งความ noun ให้ชัดเจนขึ้นนั่นเอง ลองพิจารณาตัวอย่างข้างล่างนี้เพื่อความเข้าใจที่กระจ่างขึ้น
Crowded holiday resorts are not very pleasant. (1)
Holiday resorts which are crowded are not very pleasant. (2)
ในประโยคที่ (1) "crowded" เป็น adjective ทำหน้าที่แต่งความ holiday resorts ส่วนในประโยคที่ (2) "which are crowded" เป็น clause (เพราะมี are เป็น finite verb) ทำหน้าที่แต่งความ holiday resorts เช่นเดียวกับ adjective "crowded" ในประโยคที่ (1) ทุกประการ ดังนั้นเราจึงเรียก clause นี้ว่า Adjective clause หรือมักนิยมเรียกว่า Relative clause ทั้งนี้เนื่องจาก ข้อความใน clause "relates" หรือ เกี่ยวเนื่องกับ โดยคำ Relative pronoun "which" Relative clause สามารถบรรยายเกี่ยวกับบุคคล สิ่งของและเหตุการณ์ต่าง ๆ ได้เช่นเดียวกับ adjective ทั่วไป
Position/Relative pronoun
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Relative pronoun represents a person
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Represents animals/things/group of people
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Subject of the verb in the adjectival clause
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1. who,that
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2. which,that
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Object of the verb in the adjectival clause
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Object of the preposition in the adjectival clause
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Possessive in the adjectival clause
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7 whose
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Adjectival clauses are clauses that describe nouns. Virtually all adjectival clauses are also known as
relative clauses. We define the Adjectival clauses into two kind like as;
1. Restrictive Adjectival clauses.
When an adjective clause is needed to complete the meaning of the main clause, it is called a restrictive clause.
1.1 Her brother who lives in London speaks English.
(In this sentence when you omit adj. clause "who lives in London", the sentence will be shortage the meaning because there are many brothers therefore, we don't know which brother is.)
2. Non-restrictive Adjectival clauses.
When an adjective clause is not needed to complete the meaning of the main clause, it is called a non-restrictive clause. A non-restrictive clause is set off by commas.
2.1 The bells,which hangs in the library,is over a hundred years old.
(If you omit "which hangs in the library" then the sentence still makes complete sense.)
2.2 Her brother,who lives in London,speaks English.
(In this sentence when you omit adj. clause "who lives in London", the sentence still not be losen the meaning because there is only one brother.)
1. Restrictive Adjectival clauses has defined in five constructions.
Construction 1. : Relative pronoun(Subject) + Verb + Object complement.
Who(that) –> Person Which(that) –> Non-persons
The sentence is composed of 2 clauses ;
a. The main clause : The girl is Mary.
b. The adjectival clause : who is sitting next to me
Sentence 1 can be broken into 2 smaller sentences :
a. The girl is Mary.
b. Mary is sitting next to me.
Combination :
a. The girl is Mary.
who(that) +
b. Mary is sitting next to me.
è The girl who(that) is sitting next to me is Mary.
è The girl sitting next to me is Mary.
(Reduction of adjective clause to adjective phrase – Present Participle)
Sentence 1A I met the woman who(that) had stolen my ring yesterday.
(In this case the relative pronoun(who) can not be omitted)
The sentence is composed of 2 clauses ;
2.1 The main clause : The main river is called the Chao Praya.
2.2 The adjectival clause : which flows through Bangkok.
Sentence 2 can be broken into 2 smaller sentences :
a. The main river is called the Chao Praya.
b. The Chao Praya flows through Bangkok.
Combination :
a. The main river is called the Chao Praya.
which(that) +
b. The Chao Praya flows through Bangkok.
è The main river which flows through Bangkok is called the Chao Praya.
Sentence 3 The teacher works in a way which is less satisfying to Bill.
The sentence is composed of 2 clauses ;
3.1 The main clause : The teacher works in a way.
3.2 The adjectival clause : which is less satisfying to Bill.
Sentence 4 can be broken into 2 smaller sentences :
a. The teacher works in way.
b. The way is less satisfying to Bill.
Combination :
a. The teacher works in a way.
which(that) +
b. The way is less satisfying to Bill.
è The teacher works in a way which(that) is less satisfying to Bill.
Construction 2.: Relative pronoun(object)+subject+verb.
4. which,that,no "marker"
The movie which we saw last night wasn't very good.
The movie that we saw last night wasn't very good.
The movie we saw last night wasn't very good.
He knows exactly the type of school that he wants.
He knows exactly the type of school he wants.
6. which,that
There are never any small group meetings which teachers can express their ideas in.
There are never any small group meetings in which teachers can express their ideas.
The room from which we took this table is her bedroom.
The bed which/that I slept in last night was very comfortable.
The bed in which I slept last night was very comfortable.
The bed that I slept in last night was very comfortable.
The document I was asked to put my name on was a sort of contract.
The document on which I was asked to put my name was a sort of contract.
เอกสารที่ฉันถูกขอร้องให้ลงนามเป็นสัญญาฉบับหนึ่ง.
Construction 5. : Possessive whose,of which.
Whose (ซึ่ง...ของ)
- Mostly suited for person, but presently be able to use for others.
In this case the marker is function of "subject".
5.1 The girl whose mother works here is my niece.
Breakdown to be ;
(A)The girl is my niece.
(B)The girl's mother works here.
(Whose mother works here.)
(Her mother works here.)
(A)+(B)
The girl whose mother works here is my niece.
5.2 I saw the man whose car had broken down.
ผมเจอผุ้ชายผู้ซึ่งรถยนตร์ของเขาถูกทำลาย
5.3 The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
ภาพยนตร์เรื่องนี้เกี่ยวกับสายลับซึ่งภรรยาของเขาหักหลังเขา.
5.4 He is a member of a stream whose members are penalized in favour of upper and especially A stream.
The sentence is composed of 2 clauses ;
A) He is a member of a stream.
whose+
B) A stream's members are penalized in favour of upper and specially A streams.
He is a member of a stream whose members are penalized in favour of upper and especially A stream.
In this case the marker is function of "object".
5.5 It was a meeting whose purpose I did not understand.
5.6 He is a member of a stream whose members teachers penalize in favour of upper and especially A streams.
The sentence is composed of 2 clauses ;
A) He is a member of a stream.
whose+
B) teachers penalize a stream's members in favour of upper and specially A streams.
He is a member of a stream whose members teachers penalize in favour of upper and especially A streams.
Note :
1.The relative pronoun is "whose".
2."whose" is always followed by a noun.
3."whose" and the noun that foloows it must come at the beginning of the
adjectival clause no matter whether that noun is the subject or object of the verb.
5.7 The Mississippi is, whose mouth is in Louisiana, is a long river.
Breakdown to be ;
(A)The Mississippi is a long river.
(B)The mouth of the Mississippi is in Louisiana.
(Whose mouth is is in Louisiana.)
(A)+(B)
The Mississippi is, whose mouth is in Louisiana, is a long river.
เราใช้ whose กับ สัตว์ สิ่งของได้เช่น
The box whose lid you painted cost 20 dollars.
The dog whose tail is short is very fierce.
of which = "ซึ่ง...ของ"
- Be suited for unperson(s).
5.8 The tree whose branches are dead will be felled tomorrow.
ควรใช้ "of which"
The tree the branches of which are dead will be felled tomorrow.
ต้นไม้ซึ่งกิ่งของมันแห้งตายไปนั้นจะถุกโค่นในวันพรุ่งนี้
Breakdown to be ;
(A)The tree will be felled tomorrow.
(B)The branches of the tree are dead.
(The branches of which are dead.) กล่าวซ้ำ tree
(Noted : "of which" position must puts on after supported noun but on the
contrary "whose" must be placed.) in front of supported noun.
5.9 This is the car the brand of which is Toyota.
(A)This is the car.
(B)The brand of the car is Toyota.
(The brand of which is Toyota.)
(A)+(B)
This is the car the brand of which is Toyota.
5.9.1 Pass me the book of which the cover is red.
Breakdown ;
(A)Pass me the book.
(B)Its cover is red.
(.....of which + subject + verb......)
(A)+(B)
5.9.2 Pass me the book of which the cover is red.
(with + noun ซึ่งนิยมใช้มากกว่า of which)
5.9.3 Pass me the book with the red cover.
5.9.4 The girl with long hair is my sister.
Great deal of information been shared by you. I like the post Relative clause aka adjective clause very much, it is very subjective and interesting. It is raving in terms of learning English. One can also learn English in a very easy way .Thank you so much wish you good luck.
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